DNA extraction is the process of isolating DNA from cells or tissues for analysis. It typically involves breaking open the cell membrane using physical or chemical methods, followed by removing proteins and other contaminants. The DNA is then purified and concentrated for further use. Maternal cell contamination refers to the presence of maternal DNA in samples meant to contain fetal DNA, such as in prenatal testing. This contamination can lead to inaccurate test results, especially in non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT). To prevent this, rigorous protocols are used to isolate fetal DNA from maternal blood. Accurate analysis requires minimizing or eliminating the maternal DNA presence.